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21An often cited obstacle to male HPV vaccination is the

By on February 1, 2012

Dietary differences linked to religion should be considered when planning a balanced diet. While not all religions have specific guidance regarding food, here are some of the major religions and a brief look at how they impact eating habits: considers living beings to be sacred, a belief that has translated into widely practiced vegetarianism and veganism. Violence towards animals is considered to translate into human aggression; hence most Buddhists will keep to the principle of ahimsa (non violence or harmlessness) and avoid all foods related to processes where harm was done.

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pandora bracelets The incremental benefit of vaccinating boys when vaccine uptake among girls is high is driven by the prevention of anal carcinomas, which underscores the relevance of HPV prevention efforts for men who have sex with men.IntroductionVaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implemented in many countries with the specific aim of protecting women against cervical cancer.1 2 Inclusion of boys into vaccination programmes for girls is expected to provide some benefit to women, although the benefit will be small if programmes already achieve high coverage among girls.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Protection of women should, however, not be the sole public health objective of HPV vaccination because men are also at risk of vaccine preventable cancers.12 13 Accumulation of evidence for the role of HPV in the aetiology of cancer in non cervical sites,14 15 16 and demonstration that HPV vaccine is also effective in preventing non cervical lesions in men as well as women,17 18 have prompted initiatives to vaccinate not only girls but also boys against HPV.19 20 Currently, Australia is the only country with a publicly funded HPV immunisation campaign for men.21An often cited obstacle to male HPV vaccination is the prohibitive cost.22 23 24 An economic assessment based on market introduction prices concluded that inclusion of boys in the immunisation programme in the United States exceeded conventional thresholds of cost effective interventions.5 Vaccine prices, however, have declined since market introduction, and cost requirements need not deter universal vaccination today, even though HPV vaccines are still expensive relative to other vaccines. To decide whether boys should be offered HPV vaccination, we need to assess the burden of HPV associated disease in men and how much of this will be prevented by vaccination of girls. Unless vaccination of girls will eliminate vaccine type HPV infection from the population, men will remain vulnerable to vaccine preventable cancers, especially men who have sex with men, who are disproportionately affected by HPV related cancer.25The burden of HPV associated cancer in men derives primarily from neoplasms in the anogenital and head and neck regions.26 The connection between an anogenital or oral HPV infection and history of sexual behaviour is well established in epidemiological studies.27 28 29 30 31 In particular, men who have sex with men are, compared with heterosexual men, at high risk for oral and anal HPV infections,32 33 though not for penile HPV infections.34 35 Hence, men who have sex with men are at increased risk particularly for anal cancer, especially when they also have HIV.25 36 37 38Most anal cancers are thought to be caused by oncogenic HPV types.16 Head and neck neoplasms make up most HPV associated cancers in non cervical sites,39 but there is no consensus about the attributable risk of HPV pandora bracelets.

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